Due to different anatomic and physiological barriers it is hard to treat hearing disorders by using conventional systemic drug delivery. Therefore scientists are investigating different ways to locally apply drugs using nanoparticles. Researchers at Guangdong Pharmaceutical University in China highlight that several nanoparticles have a combination of properties, such as target specificity, stability in vivo, biocompatibility and capacity to incorporate the encapsulated drugs into the cell, making it possible to use smaller doses and reduce the side effects of therapeutic agents. They anticipate that nanoparticles will play an extremely important role in the development of drug delivery systems, which can find the desired target sites and release the drugs in a controlled way within the cell.
In the European Commission-funded project NANOEAR, scientists from several countries in Europe are studying where different nanoparticles go within the inner ear and if these nanoparticles could be harmful or useful in therapeutics. They are currently testing eight nanoparticle classes, for example, biodegradable liposomes, micelles and lipid-core nanocapsules, regarding their delivery of genes, peptides, corticosteroids, siRNA and shRNA. Since nanoparticles also have properties that separate them, the researchers need to find the best carrier for each drug.
The project’s researchers are working on nanoparticles targeted towards hair cells, neurons and supporting cells. They have identified fundamental peptides helping the nanoparticles to avoid being trapped and dysfunctionalized by the lysosomal enzymes in the cell’s endosome system, so the nanoparticles are able to deliver the therapeutic drugs to their targets. Nanoparticles can be modified with coatings to escape immune responses. Three of NANOEAR’s partners are focusing on safety and they have not observed any adverse reactions.
Within the consortium, researchers at the Medical University of Innsbruck in Austria studied nanoparticles conjugated with a neurotrophin-derived peptide ligand. They found that these nanoparticles selectively targeted the mouse inner ear cells and can potentially be used as inner ear drug delivery devices.
Many research projects are in the early stage development. There will be rigorous controls and take years until patients may be helped by the innovations. However, if the researchers manage to make these nanoparticles do exactly what they are made to do, nanoparticle therapeutics will radically change the way hearing disorders are treated.